Who Reads Sacred Texts? It Depends on Where You Live
In Tanzania, 70% of people read or listen to sacred texts daily — in Japan, it's just 4%.
Mapping Religious and Spiritual Comfort Worldwide: Demographic Patterns Across 22 Countries
The prevalence of religious and spiritual comfort varies widely across countries, with higher rates generally observed in less industrialized nations and the lowest rates in more secular, Western contexts.
Regular religious service attendance and older age are the demographic characteristics most strongly associated with finding religious and spiritual comfort.
While global patterns exist for demographics like gender and education, the associations between these characteristics and religious or spiritual comfort vary substantially across different national contexts.
This research matters because it gives us the first large-scale, cross-national picture of who draws strength and comfort from religion or spirituality. For healthcare providers, counselors, and policymakers, understanding that spiritual comfort is nearly universal in some societies and rare in others can help tailor support for people facing illness, grief, or hardship. The finding that nearly 4 in 10 non-attenders still report spiritual comfort challenges the assumption that spiritual needs are only relevant for the religiously observant. This has real implications for person-centered care: even in secular contexts, spiritual needs may be present and unaddressed. The study also highlights that younger adults report less religious and spiritual comfort across most countries, pointing to a generational shift that could reshape how future populations cope with adversity. By mapping these patterns across diverse cultures, the research encourages us to move beyond Western-centric assumptions and recognize that the sources of human resilience are deeply shaped by cultural context.
What gives you strength when life gets hard? For many people around the world, the answer is tied to religion or spirituality. But just how many people feel this way depends enormously on where they live.
This study asked over 200,000 adults across 22 countries whether they find strength or comfort in their religion or spirituality. The results were striking. In Egypt, 98% of people said yes. In Japan, only 7% did.
Countries that are less industrialized — like Indonesia, Tanzania, Nigeria, and Kenya — tended to have very high rates of religious and spiritual comfort. More industrialized, Western countries like Sweden, Germany, and Australia had much lower rates. The study also looked at who within each country was most likely to report this comfort. Two things stood out the most. First, people who attend religious services regularly were far more likely to find comfort in their faith — 94% of those attending more than once a week said yes, compared to 39% of people who never attend.
Second, older adults tended to report more comfort than younger adults, with a 29 percentage point gap between the oldest and youngest groups. Women were also somewhat more likely than men to find this comfort (72% vs. 64%). But here is something surprising: even among people who never attend religious services, 39% still said they find strength or comfort in religion or spirituality. This suggests that spiritual comfort does not require going to a place of worship. And in every country studied, no men reported more comfort than women — though in some countries, like Indonesia and Egypt, the gender gap was essentially zero. The study also found that education, marital status, and immigration background showed mixed patterns that varied a lot depending on the country. In short, there is no single global story about who finds comfort in faith — but there are some patterns that hold across many places.
In Egypt, 98% of adults reported finding strength or comfort in their religion or spirituality, the highest among the 22 countries studied.
The prevalence of religious and spiritual comfort in Egypt was about 14 times higher than in Japan, where only 7% reported it.
Pooled estimates showed a 29 percentage point gap in religious and spiritual comfort between the youngest and oldest adult age groups.
About 94% of the most frequent religious service attenders reported comfort, compared to 39% of those who never attend.
In Tanzania, 70% of people read or listen to sacred texts daily — in Japan, it's just 4%.
While 95% of people in Indonesia believe in life after death, only 21% of people in Japan do.
What if childhood poverty, trauma, and family breakups have almost no universal link to adult religious belief?

In Tanzania, over 80% of people share their faith with others, while in Japan, that number is only 4%.
In Indonesia, 94% of people say religion guides their whole life, but in Japan, that number is only 7%.
Across 22 countries, belief in God, gods, or spiritual forces ranges from a staggering 100% in Egypt to just 20% in Japan.