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Close Social Relationships20256 min read

Where Do We Truly Belong?

Variations in belonging across 22 countries in the Global Flourishing Study

Notable finding

In Egypt and Indonesia, migrants reported higher belonging than native-born residents

By
Counted, Victor et al.
Participants
202,898
Countries
22
Journal
The Journal of Positive Psychology
DOI
10.1080/17439760.2025.2569083
Chat with paper
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§1

Key Takeaways

01

In a pooled analysis across 22 countries, older age, being married, employment, and frequent religious service attendance were associated with higher reports of belonging.

02

Average belonging scores were highest in collectivist countries like Egypt and Indonesia and lowest in more individualistic countries like Japan and Turkey.

03

Country-specific patterns revealed substantial variation, with age and immigration status showing inconsistent associations with belonging depending on the national context.

§2

Why It Matters

This research matters because belonging isn't just a warm feeling — it's a core human need tied to mental health, life satisfaction, and social stability. By showing that the factors shaping belonging vary dramatically across countries, this study tells policymakers, employers, educators, and community leaders that blanket solutions won't work. A program that helps young people feel more connected in Japan might look completely different from one that supports older adults in India. The findings also shine a light on groups who may be quietly struggling — unemployed people in high-income countries, migrants in places like Sweden and the UK, and gender-diverse individuals even in societies that pride themselves on acceptance. For governments and organizations trying to build more inclusive communities, this data offers a roadmap: understand your local context, identify who feels left out, and design targeted approaches that fit the cultural and demographic realities of the people you're trying to reach.

This research matters because belonging isn't just a warm feeling — it's a core human need tied to mental health, life satisfaction, and social stability. By showing that the factors shaping belonging vary dramatically across countries, this study tells policymakers, employers, educators, and community leaders that blanket solutions won't work. A program that helps young people feel more connected in Japan might look completely different from one that supports older adults in India. The findings also shine a light on groups who may be quietly struggling — unemployed people in high-income countries, migrants in places like Sweden and the UK, and gender-diverse individuals even in societies that pride themselves on acceptance. For governments and organizations trying to build more inclusive communities, this data offers a roadmap: understand your local context, identify who feels left out, and design targeted approaches that fit the cultural and demographic realities of the people you're trying to reach.
§3

The Story

Belonging — that deep feeling of being accepted, respected, and valued — is something every human being craves. But how much we feel it depends a lot on who we are and where we live. This study asked over 200,000 people across 22 countries to rate their sense of belonging on a scale from 0 to 10.

The results reveal a fascinating and sometimes surprising picture. On average, older adults felt more belonging than younger people, married people felt more than single people, and those who attended religious services frequently felt more than those who never attended. People with jobs felt more belonging than those without work. But here's where it gets interesting: these patterns didn't hold everywhere.

In Japan, belonging was quite low among young adults but rose sharply after age 50. In India and Tanzania, the opposite happened — belonging tended to decline as people got older. In most countries, migrants reported lower belonging than people born there. But in Egypt and Indonesia, migrants actually felt more belonging than native-born residents. Gender told a complex story too.

Women generally reported slightly higher belonging than men, but people identifying as a gender other than male or female reported the lowest belonging scores of all — even in countries known for being socially progressive. Countries with more collectivist cultures, like Egypt and Indonesia, topped the belonging rankings, while more individualistic nations like Japan and Germany sat near the bottom. The big takeaway? There's no one-size-fits-all explanation for who feels like they belong. Culture, age, work, marriage, faith, and whether you were born in your country all interact in ways that are unique to each place.

Figure
8.86
Highest national belonging score

Egypt reported the highest mean belonging score at 8.86 on the 0–10 belonging scale.

Figure
1.1x
Religious attendance and belonging

Those attending religious services more than weekly scored 8.13 versus 7.36 for never-attenders on the 0–10 belonging scale.

Figure
+0.74 points
Age gap in belonging scores

Pooled mean belonging was 8.21 for adults 80+ versus 7.47 for those 18–24 on the 0–10 belonging scale.

Figure
1.37
Gender gap in belonging

Pooled mean belonging was 1.37 points lower for other gender identities than for females on the 0–10 belonging scale.

Figures
8.86
Highest national belonging score

Egypt reported the highest mean belonging score at 8.86 on the 0–10 belonging scale.

1.1x
Religious attendance and belonging

Those attending religious services more than weekly scored 8.13 versus 7.36 for never-attenders on the 0–10 belonging scale.

+0.74 points
Age gap in belonging scores

Pooled mean belonging was 8.21 for adults 80+ versus 7.47 for those 18–24 on the 0–10 belonging scale.

1.37
Gender gap in belonging

Pooled mean belonging was 1.37 points lower for other gender identities than for females on the 0–10 belonging scale.

§4

Reader Questions

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Research Details
& Citation

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Published
2025
Journal
The Journal of Positive Psychology
Participants
202,898
Countries
22
Cite this paper
Counted, V., Allen, K.-A., Johnson, B. R., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2025). Variations in belonging across 22 countries in the Global Flourishing Study. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 21(5), 929–945. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2025.2569083
Tags
belongingagegenderimmigrationemploymentreligion-spirituality
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